13 Crude oil
Crude oil is a naturally occurring fossil fuel, formed over millions of years from the ancient remains of marine organisms. These organisms, primarily plankton and algae, sett...
14 Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is a vital industrial process used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures. Crude oil itself is a complex mixture of thousands of diff...
15 Alkanes
Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons, meaning they are organic compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These molecules are characterized by having o...
16 Incomplete combustion
Welcome to this learning session on 16 Incomplete Combustion In this course we shall address:Combustion: Complete vs. IncompleteIncomplete Combustion: Products and HazardsKey...
17 Acid rain
Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic due to the dissolution of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, forming carbonic acid, which typically gives it a pH of around 5.6. Acid r...
18 Choosing fuels
Most modern vehicles rely on petrol or diesel oil for propulsion, which have been the dominant fuels for over a century. However, hydrogen is emerging as a promising alternati...
19 Cracking
Cracking is a crucial process in oil refineries, primarily carried out after fractional distillation. Its main purpose is to convert long-chain hydrocarbon molecules, which ar...
20 Extended response - Fuels
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. It is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons,...
21 The early atmosphere
Welcome to this learning session on 21 The early atmosphere In this course we shall address:Volcanic beginnings and modern balanceOceans form, dissolving atmospheric CO2Marine...
22 Greenhouse effect
Welcome to this learning session on Greenhouse effect In this course we shall address:Understanding the Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Gases: Sources and Heat TrappingGlobal Warm...
23 Extended response - Atmospheric science
Atmospheric science is the study of Earth's atmosphere, its processes, and how it interacts with other systems. Understanding these interactions is crucial for evaluating comp...
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